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面对圣经不同的译文

二,汉语圣经的翻译和比较研究(旧约)
第452篇
面对圣经不同的译文
对同一节希伯来文圣经,却有语义颇为不同的译文,是由于译者有不同的理解和不同的翻译理论思想的指导所导致的,我们应该怎样看待呢?试举申命记29:19节这一节经文为例,来剖析这个问题:
不同译本的译文列举如下:
【和合本】听见这咒诅的话,心里仍是自夸,说:“我虽然行事心里顽梗, 连累众人, 却还是平安。”
【新译本】如果人听了这咒诅的话,心里仍然自夸说:“我虽然照着顽梗的心而行, 使好人和恶人一起灭亡 ,我还有平安。”
【吕振中译本】听了这咒诅的话,就心里自己庆幸说:“我虽然依着顽强的心而行, 要把得浇灌的和干旱的都扫灭掉 ,还是可得平安。”【注: ‘要把得浇灌的和干旱的都扫灭掉’或译‘要将沉醉加在干渴之上’,或译‘饮鸩止渴’】
【现代中文译本】你们今天站在这里听见这严肃要求的人,没有一人敢说,即使他顽固放纵,一切仍会顺利;如果有, 这样的人会连累你们,使好人坏人一起灭亡。
【思高本】以致有人听了这咒誓之后心中庆幸说:“我虽随心所欲地行事,仍平安无事。” 这要使湿地与干地同归于尽 。【注:本节颇难翻译和解释。大意是说:随心所欲去敬拜邪神的人,因他的坏榜样,将善人和恶人(湿地和干地,即全国人民)都勾引了去,使他们陷于灭亡的灾祸。】
【牧灵圣经】如果哪个人不理会这些盟约誓言,而仍然自以为是地想:“随着我喜欢的方式做,自得其乐就行。”这会使义人和恶人都同归于尽。
【KJV】And it come to pass, when he heareth the words of this curse, that he bless himself in his heart, to add drunkenness to thirst.
【NKJV】and so it may not happen, when he hears the words of this curse, that he blesses himself in his heart, saying, “I shall have peace, even though I follow the dictates of my heart.”– as though the drunkard could be included with the sober.
【RSV】one who, when he hears the words of this sworn covenant, blesses himself in his heart, saying, “I shall be safe, though I walk in the stubbornness of my heart. ” This would lead to the the sweeping away of moist and dry alike.
【NRSV】All who hear the words of this oath and bless themselves , thinking in their hearts, “ We are safe even though we go our own stubborn ways. ”( thus bringing disaster on moist and dry alike)
【NIV】When such a person hears the words of this oath , he invokes a blessing on himself and therefore thinks, “I will be safe, even though I persist in going my way.” This will bring disaster on the watered as well as the dry. (或译:way.” in order to add drunkenness to thirst.)
【NAB】If any such person, upon hearing the words of this curse, should beguile himself into thinking that he can safely persist in his stubbornness of heart, as though to sweep away both the watered soil and the parched ground. (Note: apparently a proverb signifying that such an unfaithful Israelite will cause God to punish the good with the wick to root out the good plants growing in irrigated soil, together with the worthless plants growing in the dry ground.)
【NJB】If, after hearing this this imprecation, anyone, shall do well enough if I follow the dictates of my heart, much water drives away thirst.
我们尝试对以上译文进行如下分析:
1,我们查考希伯来文原文圣经,先找出按照直译理论、有相对应词的译文,当推吕振中译本。其中‘浇灌的’一词相对应于H7302,其语义有‘充分满足的,湿透的,浇灌的’。在不同的译文里将这个词分别译为‘湿地,drunkenness, drunkard, moist, watered, watered soil.
‘扫灭掉’一词相对应于H5595,其语义有‘扫除,毁灭,增加’。在不同的译文里将这个词分别译为‘一起灭亡,同归于尽,连累,add, included, sweeping away, bringing disaster, drives。
‘干旱的’一词相对应于H6673,其语义是‘干渴’。在不同的译文里将这个词分别译为‘干地,thirst, sober, dry, parched ground, dry ground,
从以上对照,我们可以知道希伯来文的3个词,H7302,H5595,H6673都是多义词,要看用在什么场合,和上下文的文脉,才能正确选用一个比较适当的语义。在这方面,不同的译者往往有不同的理解。
2,我们看对这节经文,和合本和新译本都采用了局部意译的处理方法,把‘得浇灌的和干旱的都扫灭掉’这个比喻,意译为‘连累众人’,‘使好人和恶人一起灭亡’。而现代中文译本意译的意思与原文语义出入较大,似不可取。
3,我们看这节经文上文的意思是摩西惟恐以色列人去侍奉假神。下文的意思是‘耶和华必不饶恕他’。中间这一节是某一个自夸的、自我庆幸的人所说的昏话。因此我们认为,按吕振中译本、和合本、新译本等,把‘得浇灌的和干旱的都扫灭掉’这个子句放在括弧内,是昏话的一部分;比较合适。因为上帝不会让好人与坏人一样同归于尽,一起灭亡。
4,KJV将这一子句译为to add drunkenness to thirst(对干渴者加以灌醉),NKJV译为the drunkard could be included with the sober(醉酒者可包含在清醒者内),与上下文意都联系不起来,似不足取。
5,新耶路撒冷圣经NJB的此处译文是正面肯定的意思,与下文否定的意思‘耶和华必不饶恕他’不相合。
6,NRSV将这节经文里的人称代词改为第1和第3人称的复数,是与原文不符的,应为单数。
通过以上分析,我们也许可以领悟到一点如何分析研究不同译文的思路和方法。
1,不可盲目肯定某一个译本100%正确,也不可轻易否定一个译本,说他一无是处。总之要认真比较,举实例来说明。
2,多种译文的比较,并不影响圣经的绝对权威,反而使我们对圣经的理解更全面与深刻。
3,这些译文的差异,与我们的基本信仰要道无关。但是弄清楚差异的原因是有益的,为信徒释疑解惑是必要的。
2007,9,20